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英語(yǔ)作文訓練的三個(gè)階段
訓練指導者方針的好壞是一個(gè)前提條件。合理地設置訓練程序，使英語(yǔ)習作從初級到高級沿著(zhù)一條循序漸進(jìn)，由簡(jiǎn)到多的進(jìn)程發(fā)展是成功訓練者必須具備的指導思想。本篇認為，在習作訓練的初期，應采納一條從有材料可依的習作方式過(guò)渡到脫離本本進(jìn)行自由寫(xiě)作方式的途徑。從有材可依到元材可依的訓練過(guò)程應包括三個(gè)階段：
一、短文縮寫(xiě)(Summary)階段。
短文縮寫(xiě)可以是就所學(xué)課文進(jìn)行縮寫(xiě)，也可以采用其它閱讀材料，但要求被縮寫(xiě)的材料難易程度不超過(guò)所學(xué)課本。被用于進(jìn)行縮寫(xiě)的課文或其它材料必須觀(guān)點(diǎn)明確，層次分明，敘述有條理�？s寫(xiě)時(shí)應做到簡(jiǎn)明扼要，抓住重點(diǎn)，不要拖泥帶水，沒(méi)有主次。初學(xué)階段的被縮寫(xiě)材料不宜太長(cháng)，以不超一千詞為佳，縮寫(xiě)文以不超過(guò)2m詞為佳。以下就一篇短文進(jìn)行縮寫(xiě)，限于篇幅，短文內容有所節略。
Most shops in Britain open at 9.00 a.m. and close at 5.00 or 5.30 in the evening. Small shopsusually close for an hour at lunchtime. On one or two days a week-usually Thursday and/or Friday-some large food shops stay until about 8.00 p.m. for late night shopping.
Many shops are closed in the afternoon on one day a week. The days is usually Wednesday orThursday and it is a different day in different towns. Nearly all shops are closed on Sunday. News-paper shops are open in the morning, and sell sweets and cigarettes as well. But there are legal restrictions on selling many things on Sundays. Many large food shops(supermarkets)are self-service. When you go into one of these shops you take a basket and you put the things you wish to buy into it. You queue up at the cash-desk and pay for everything just before you leave. If anyone tries to take things from a shop without paying they are almost certain to be caught. Most shops have store detectives who have the job of catching shoplifters. Shoplifting is considered a serious crime by the police and the courts. When you are waiting to be served in a shop, itis important to wait your turn. It is important not to try to be served before people who arrived before you. Many people from overseas are astonished at the British habit of queuing.
將短文縮寫(xiě)如下：
This article tells us about British shops. British shops usually open at 9.00 a.m. and close at 5.00or 5.30 p.m. Many shops are closed in the afternoon one day a week. Nearly all shops are closed on Sundays. In Britain, many large food shops are self-service. And when you wait to be served in a shop, you have to wait patiently for your turn.
這是一篇不超過(guò)100詞的縮寫(xiě)，句子基本上由原文各段落的主要內容構成。個(gè)別段落被完全刪除以保證縮寫(xiě)重點(diǎn)突出，前后連貫�？s寫(xiě)是一種“依材剪貼”的習作方式，基本上采用原材料中的詞語(yǔ)和句子，僅作了部分調整，是最初級的習作方式。
二、短文評論(Brief Comment)階段。
短評是就所學(xué)課文或閱讀材料進(jìn)行評論。通過(guò)分析原文中的內容和觀(guān)點(diǎn)，提出一定的看法。短評可以是對原文觀(guān)點(diǎn)表示贊同，也可以提出異議或不同看法。如對前文便可作以下評論：
From the article we learned about British shops, about their opening and closing time and their service. But we find that there are something inconvenient with British shop service. First is the time. Shops in Britain open very late and close too early. Second is that there is almost no Sunday service. Where can people go if they suddenly need to buy something? The last is the habit of queuing. It will be a waste of time if the queue is too long.
初學(xué)階段，短文評論的字數一般也應在150字左右，不宜寫(xiě)大多。短評是一種“一半依材一半發(fā)揮”的習作方式。在內容上，一部分取自原文，一部分靠自己的思考。在用詞上，可以部分地依賴(lài)原文，也需使用一些其它詞匯。此外，短評的行文布局和用句也是一半模仿，一半創(chuàng )造。短評的這種特點(diǎn)使它非常適合承接短文縮寫(xiě)階段，而又為后期階段打下一定的基礎。
三、引導寫(xiě)作(Guided Writing)階段。
引導寫(xiě)作可分為重新編排句子順序。規定情景作文�？磮D作文。提綱作文。關(guān)鍵詞作文等形式。這些形式均可以用于訓練，但以提綱作文和關(guān)鍵詞作文多用為佳. 提綱作文是一種給出題目和段落提綱的習作方式，其段落寫(xiě)作提綱可以采用段落主旨句的形式，也可以是短語(yǔ)。關(guān)鍵詞作文是一種給出作文題目和一些關(guān)鍵詞或詞組的命題作文形式。由于有段落寫(xiě)作提綱或主旨句等，進(jìn)行習作時(shí)，減少了審題環(huán)節，且寫(xiě)作思路受到引導。在訓練初期，引導寫(xiě)作的命題應盡量與所學(xué)英語(yǔ)書(shū)本的內容掛鉤，使學(xué)生能夠參照一部分課文所學(xué)的詞匯與結構，避免大多生詞。如針對上篇短文便可出一道相關(guān)命題引導學(xué)生習作：
題目：shops in China
提綱：(1)中國商店的作息時(shí)間 (2)中國商店的周未服務(wù)情況 (3)中國商店服務(wù)態(tài)度的好壞 以上是關(guān)于英語(yǔ)習作初級階段的訓練步驟。三個(gè)步驟的三種形式，相承相繼，循序漸進(jìn)，為進(jìn)入自由命題寫(xiě)作打下了良好的基礎。既適合教師指導學(xué)生習作課使用，也適合學(xué)習者自我訓練。事實(shí)證明，這三個(gè)步驟是英語(yǔ)習作人門(mén)的有效做法。
英語(yǔ)作文拓展閱讀：
2013年高考英語(yǔ)作文模板：實(shí)用性寫(xiě)作
2013年高考英語(yǔ)作文模板：圖表作文的框架
2013年高考英語(yǔ)作文模板：議論文的框架
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